±q°ò·þ±Ðªºµo®i½Í©v±Ð¤ßÆF»P
ªÀ·|¤å¤ÆªºÃö«Y
¢wݽרä¹ï¥xÆWªÀ·|ªº±Ò¥Ü
¾G¥õ®¦
¥xÆW¯«¾Ç°|±Ð·|¾ú¥v°Æ±Ð±Â
¥»¤å¤§¥Øªº¬On³q¹L¹ï°ò·þ±Ð¾ú¥vµo®i¸gÅ窺À˵ø¨Ó±´°Q©v±Ð¤ßÆF»PªÀ·|¤å¤Æªº¤¬°ÊÃö«Y¡Cº¥ý°w¹ï©v±Ð»P¤ßÆFªº©w¸q¤Î¨ä¾ú¥vºtÅܧ@¤@°Q½×¡A¯S§OµÛ«¤GªÌ¤§¤¬°Ê¼Ò¦¡¤Î¨ä»P©P¾DªÀ·|¤å¤Æ¤§Ãö«Y¡C¦b½T»{©v±Ð¡B¤ßÆF¡BªÀ·|¤å¤Æ¤TªÌ¤§¶¡±K¤Á¤£¥i¤ÀªºÃö«Y«á¡Aµ§ªÌ±N¶i¤@¨B¥Hªì¥N°ò·þ±Ð©M¤Q¤»¥@¬öªº©v±Ð§ï²¹B°Ê¤§µo®i¬°¨Ò¨ÓÄÄ©ú¦¹¤@·L§®Ãö«Y¡C³Ì«á¡Aµ§ªÌ¤]·|¹Á¸Õ¨Ì¦¹¬ã¨s¤ß±o´£¥X¤@¨Ç¹ï¥xÆWªÀ·|ªº«Øij¡C
(¤@) ©v±Ð»P¤ßÆFªºÃö«Y¡G
¦b¦è¤è¥@¬Éªº¥Îªk¸Ì¡A¡u©v±Ð¡v(religion)¤@µü·½¦Û©Ô¤B¤åªº¡¨religio¡¨¡Aì·N¬°¡u¸q°È¡B¬ù§ô¡v¡A¥Dn¥Î¨Ó«ü¡u¤H»P¯«©ú¤§¶¡ªº¬ù©w¡v¡C¥¦¦b¤½¤¸²Ä¤¥@¬ö¥H«á³vº¥³Q¥Î¨Ó«ü¡u×¹D¥Í¬¡¡v(monastic life)¡A¤@ª½n¨ì¤Q¤»¥@¬öªº©v±Ð§ï²¹B°Ê¥H«á¥¦ªº²{¥N¦@³q·N¸q¤~³vº¥¦¨§Î¡C[1] ¹ïªñ¥N¾ÇªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A©v±Ð¥i¥Î¨Ó«ü¥]§t¡u«H©À¡v»P¡u¹ê½î¡vªº«H¥õÅé¨t¡A¦p¦ò±Ð¡B¦^±Ð¡B°ò·þ±Ðµ¥¥@¬É©Ê©v±Ð¡A©Î¥xÆW¥Á¶¡«H¥õµ¥¦a¤è©Ê©v±Ð¡C¥¦¤]¥i¥Î¨Ó«ü¤HÃþ»Pµ´¹ïªÌ¢A¶W¶VªÌ·|¹J®É©Ò¿Eµoªº¥Í©RÛ²zºA«×¡A¦Ó¹ï¦¹¾ÇªÌ¦U¦³¨ä¤£¦P±j½Õªº¼h±¡G¦p±d¼w(Immanuel Kant)ªº¡u¹D¼w¹ê½î¡v¼h±¡B¤hµÜ°¨»®(F. D. E. Schleiermacher)ªº¡u©v±Ð±¡·P¡v¼h±¡B¶ø¹Ï(Rudolf Otto)ªº¡u¯«¯¦¶W²z¸Ñ¡v¼h±¡B¸â©i´µ(William James)ªº¡uÓ¤H¤ßÆF¡v¼h±¡B¥¬¬f(Martin Buber)ªº¡u¤H®æÃö«Y¡v¼h±¡B´ö®¦¤ñ(Arnold Toynbee)ªº¡u¤å©úµo®i¡v¼h±¡B¦ã¬ü´µ(E. S. Ames)ªº¡uªÀ·|»ùÈ¡v¼h±µ¥¡C[2] µM¦Ó¡A¾¨ºÞ²³»¡¯É¯Æ¡A§ÚÌ¥²¶·©Ó»{¡A©v±Ð©¹©¹¬O¤HÃþ¤å¤Æ¥Í¬¡¡B«ä¦Ò§PÂ_¡BªÀ·|¦æ°ÊI«áªº¤@Ó¥D¾É»P¾ã¦Xªº¤O¶q¡C¥¿¦p©v±Ð¾ÇªÌ¥_¤t(Joseph M. Kitagawa)©Ò¨¥¡G
©v±Ð©M¤HÃþ¥Í¬¡ªº¤@¤Á¤è¦¡¬ÛÃö¡B¨Ã¥B¤ä°t¥¦Ì¡C¤HÃþªº¥Í¬¡ÅéÅç¬Ý°_¨ÓÅã¦ü¦U¦Û¿W¥ß¡B¨ä¹ê¤@¤Á¤¬¬Û¨Ì¦s¡B§@¥Î¡Aګإߤ@Ó¥þÅé©Ê(wholeness)ªº¥Í¬¡¡Cºî¦X³o¼Ë¾ãÓ¦³¾÷©Êªº¥þÅ骺¥Í¬¡¡A¨Óºû«ù¨ä²Î¤@ªº¤O¶q¡A¤~¬O¡u©v±Ð¡v¥»½èªºÂHµÛ©Ê(adhesiveness)¡F©ÎªÌ¥i¥H»¡¬O¡G¨Ï¤@Ó¤H¦X¦¨¬°¤@Ó¦³Ó©Ê¤§¤Hªº¤º¦b¤@³e©Ê¡C[3]
·í¥N¯«¾Ç®a«Où¡D¥Ð¥ß§J(Paul Tillich)§ó¥H¡u²×·¥ÃöÃh¡v(ultimate concern)ªº·§©À¨Ó©w¸q©v±Ð¦b¤HÃþ¥Í¬¡¤¤©Ò§êºtªº²[¬A©Ê(all-embracing)¨¤¦â¡C[4]
¤ßÆF(spirit)¤@µü·½¦Û©Ô¤B¤åªº¡¨spiritus¡¨¡A ì·N¬°¡u®ð®§¡v¡A¥¦ªº°Êµü¡¨spirare¡¨·N¬°¡u©I§l¡v¡A¨ä¦r®Ú¥i¯à»P§j®ð©Î©I§lªºÁnÅT¦³Ãö¡A¤Þ¥Ó¬°¡uÆF»î¡v©Î¡u¤ßÆF¡v¤§·N¡C¦bù°¨«Ò°êªì´Á¡A¦¹¦r³vº¥¨ú¥N¡¨anima¡¨¦Ó¦¨¬°¡uÆF»î¡vªº¥Dn¥Î»y¡C[5] µM¦Ó¡A¦b·í®É§Æþ¢Aù°¨²±¦æ¤§¤G¤¸¦t©z½×(dualistic cosmology)ªº¼vÅT¤U¡A¤j¦h¼Æªº©v±Ð ¡V ¥]¬A°ò·þ±Ð¦b¤º ¡V ³£´¶¹MÃh©êµÛ¹ï¥@¬Éªº»´µø¥H¤Î¹ï¦×Åé·P©xªº¹½´c¡A¥Bµø¤ßÆF»Pºë¯«¥@¬É¬°©v±Ð°l¨D¤§°ß¤@¥B¯u¹êªºÂk±J¡C³oºØ¤ßÆF¢A¦×Åé¡B¯«¸t¢A¥@«U¤G¤Àªº«ä¦Ò¤è¦¡¥i¥H»¡¬O·í¥N¾ãÅé©v±Ð¤å¤Æ¤¤ªº¡u¶Ç¬V¯f¡v¡A©v±Ð¤]¦]¦¹¦¨¤F¡u¥Ñ²{¹ê¥@¬É¸õ²æªºÀ³³\¡v¡C[6] ¦¹¤@¤£©¯ªºµ²ªG¤@ª½n©µÄò¨ì©v±Ð§ï²¹B°Ê®É¤~±o¥H§ïÆ[¡C
¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¤w¦³³\¦h¾ÇªÌ¥D±i¡An±N©v±Ð¤ßÆF»PªÀ·|¤å¤Æ¥Í¬¡¤ÀÂ÷¶}¨Ó¡A¬O¤£¥i¯àªº¨Æ¡A§ó·|³y¦¨µL¥iÀ±¸Éªº´d¼@¡C©v±Ð¾ú¥v¾ÇªÌ§J¨½´µ¦h¤Ò¡D³³»^(Christopher Dawson)´N«ü¥X¡A¡u©v±ÐY¬O¥u§Æ¹Ï¥Í¦s©ó¦Û¤vªº¥@¬É¤¤¡A¦Ó»P¤H¦bªÀ·|¤¤¥Í¬¡ªº¨ä¥¦¤è±²@µLÃö«Y¡A¨º»ò¥¦«K¬O±w¤F³h¦å¯g¡A¦¨¤F¬Ã«Ä_¶Q¦Ó¬\ÀêµL¨ýªºª±ª«¡A¨ü¨º¨Ç¹ï³oÃþªF¦è¦³¯S®í¶Ý¦n¤§¤Hªºª±§Ë¡CY¬O¤å¤Æ§Æ¹Ï¥Í¦s¦Ó¤£¸g©v±Ð¤§»{¥i¡A¥¦´N¦¨¤F¦p´cÅ]¯ëªº´Ý¼É¡K¡K¦¨¤F¨º¦Û§Ú¼ÉÅS»P¦Û§Úµo®i¤§°ø±¡³g±ý¤§ªí²{¡A§¹¥þ¤£¨ü¥ô¦ó¸û°ª³W½dªº¬ù§ô¡K¡K¡v[7] ¥L§ó±N¦¹¤@¤ÀÂ÷µø¬°¤@ºØ¡u³Ì¼@¯Pªººë¯«½Ä¬ð¡A§YªÀ·|¤H®æªº¤Àµõ¡v¡C¥H¥L¦Û¤vªº¸Ü»¡¡G
³oºØ¯f¯g§âªÀ·|ªºÆF»î³Î¬°¨â¥b¡G¤@¥bÄÝ©ó¤@ºØ¥H«D¤H¹D§Þ¥©¨Ó±À°Êªº«D¹D¼w¤Î¹ÜÅvªº·N§Ó¡C¥t¤@¥bÄÝ©ó¹ï¤H¥Í¤£µo¥Í¼vÅT¤Oªº¤@ºØ©v±Ð«H¥õ»P¹D¼wªº²z·Q¥D¸q¡C¦pªG¤HÃþn¦s¬¡¤U¥h¡A«h©v±Ð»P¤å¤Æªºµ²¦X ¡V ¤å¤Æªº©v±Ð¤Æ ¡V ¥²¶·«ì´_¡K¡K³o¨Ã«D»¡§ÚÌ»Ýn¤@·sªº©v±Ð©Î·sªº¤å¤Æ¡K§ÚÌ©Ò»Ýnªº¬O¤@ÓÄÝÆFªº«·sªº¦X¤@¹B°Ê¡AÂÇ¥H«ì´_¨º¦b¨C¤@¥@¬ö©M¤HÃþµo®iªº¨C¤@¶¥¬q¤W³£´¿¦s¦bªº©v±Ð»P¤å¤Æ¶¡ªº«nÃö«Y¡C[8]
¥t¤@¦ì©v±Ð¾ú¥v¾ÇªÌ¯Sº¸·O(Ernst Troeltsch)¦b±M¬ã°ò·þ±Ðªñ¨â¤d¦~¨Óªº¾ú¥vµo®i¸gÅç«á¤]©ú½T«ü¥X¡A°ò·þ±Ð·|¦b¨ä¾ú¥v¹êªp¤¤ªº¡u°Ñ»P¡v©Î¡u¯A¤J¡v(involvement)±N¤£¥iÁקK¦a±a¨Ó¬YºØµ{«×ªº¡u§´¨ó¡v©Î¡u½Õ¾A¡v(compromise)¡A¥ç§Y«ü¤@ºØ¦b°ò·þ±Ðªºµo®i¤Î¨äªÀ·|¹êªp¤§¶¡¥²µMªº¬Û¤¬§@¥ÎÃö«Y(mutually reciprocal relationship)¡C¦]¦¹¡A°ò·þ±Ð¹ï©P¾DªÀ·|ªº°ò¥»ºA«×À³¸Ó¬O¦b¤£¥iÁקKªº¡u°Ñ»P©M§´¨ó¡v¤¤§â´¤¾÷·|±Ä¨ú¡u²`«ä¼ô¼{«áªº¥D°Ê§@¬°¡v("deliberate initiative")¡C[9]
®Ú¾Ú¥H¤W¹ï°ò·þ±Ð¾ú¥vµo®iªº¤ÀªR»P°Q½×¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥H±o¥X¤@Ó²³æªºµ²½×¡G©v±Ð¹ï¤HÃþ¤ßÆFªº¼vÅT»P¶ì³y¡AÀ³¸Ón¥B¤£¥iÁקK¦a·|¸¨¹ê¦b©P¾DªºªÀ·|¤å¤Æ¤¤¡C¥H¤U§ÚÌ´N°w¹ï°ò·þ±Ð¾ú¥v¶iµ{¤¤³Ì¨ã¥Nªí©Êªº¨âӮɴÁ ¡V ªì¥N°ò·þ±Ð»P©v±Ð§ï²¹B°Ê ¡V ¨Ó¶i¦æÆ[¹î»PÀ˵ø¡C¿ï¾Ü«eªÌ¬O¦]¬°¥¦¥Nªí¤F°ò·þ±Ð¦Û§Ú©w¦ì(self-definition)»P§Î¶ìªº®É´Á¡A¤]¬O³Q°ò·þ±Ð¶Ç²Îµø¬°¡u¥»·½¡v(fontes)¡B¡u¨å½d¡vªº¶Àª÷®É¥N¡F¿ï¾Ü«áªÌ«h¬O¦]¬°¥¦¥Nªí¤F°ò·þ±Ð¦Û§Ú¤Ï¬Ù»P§ï²ªº²z·Q¡A³o¨Ï¥¦¦¨¬°°ò·þ±Ð¥v¤W³Ì¿E¯P¥B¨ã¥¿±·N¸qªº¡u½d«¬Âà´«¡v(paradigm shift)¡A¾ãÓ°ò·þ±Ð·|ªº¦Û§Ú»{ª¾¤Î¨ä¹ï¥@¬ÉªººA«×±q¦¹§¹¥þ§ïÆ[¡C[10]
(¤G) ªì¥N°ò·þ±Ð»Pù°¨ªÀ·|ªº¤¬°ÊÃö«Y¡G
ªÀ·|¾Ç®aRodney Stark¦b¥L©ÒµÛ¡m°ò·þ±Ðªº¿³°_¡G¨º¨S¨SµL»D¡B¦ì©~Ãä½tªºC¿q¹B°Ê¦p¦ó¦b¼Æ¥@¬ö¤¤Åܦ¨¬°¦è¤è¥@¬Éªº¥D¾É©v±Ð¤O¶q¡S¡n¤@®Ñ¤¤«ü¥X¡A°ò·þ±Ð¦b³Ð©l¶¥¬q¤§©Ò¥H¯à°÷§Ö³t¦¨ªø¥Bűo³Ó§Q¡A¨ä¥DnÃöÁä¬O¦b©ó¦o¨º¨ã¦³ÄAÂФO¶qªº¡u¹D¡v(words)¡A¥[¤W³o¡u¹D¡v¯à¡u¦¨¬°¦×¨¡v(enfleshed)¥B¸¨¹ê¬°¤@ºØ§ï³yªÀ·|ªºÛ²z¤O¶q¡C[11] ´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A°ò·þ©v±Ð¾Ö¦³¯à¶ì³y¨Ã°ö¾i·s¤ßÆFªº¡u«H®§¡v¡A¥B¦¹¤@«H®§¯àÂà¤Æ¬°ÄAÂзí®ÉªÀ·|¤§¬J¦s»ùÈ»P¦¸§Çªº¤O¶q¡C
¦bC¿q¦º«á´X¦~¤¤¡Aªì¥N°ò·þ±Ð©Ò«Å´ªº«H®§ ¡V ¡un¦¨¬°¤W«Ò°êªº¤l¥Á¡A¬O¤£¨üºØ±Ú¡B§»ö¡B©v±Ð¡BªÀ·|I´º¤§¨îªº¡v ¡V °¨¤W´N§l¤Þ¤F¥]¬AµS¤Ó©M¡u«DµS¤Ó¡vI´ºªº°lÀHªÌ¡C¥LÌ©Ò«Å´ªº¡A¬O¤@Ó¤£¥²¥HµS¤Óªk«ß©M©v±Ð¶Ç²Î¬°«e´£ªººÖµ(law-free gospel)¡Cºò±µµÛ¡A°ò·þ±Ðªº³oÓ¡u¥]®e©Ê¡v(inclusive)¯S½è¤]¢¨Ï¦o¥²¶·¦bì©lªº¡B¥HµS¤ÓÅ¥²³¬°¥Dªº«H®§¤§¥~¡A¶}©l¨Ï¥Î§Æþ¡Bù°¨¥@¬É¤¤ªº»y¨¥©M¤å¤Æ§Î¦¡¨Ó¶Ç¹F¡B¸àÄÀ¦³ÃöC¿qªº«H®§¡C³o¥i¥H»¡¤Ï¬M¤Fªì¥N°ò·þ±Ð¤§¡u©v±Ð»{¦Pªº¥]®e©Ê¨ú¦V¡v¡A¶W¶V¤FºØ±Ú¡B©Ê§O¡B¤å¤Æ¡B¶¥¯Å¡B©v±Ðªº¨î¡C[12]
¥t¤@¤è±¡A´Nªì¥N°ò·þ±Ðªº°ò¥»«H®§¨Ó¬Ý¡A¹³¡u¤W«Ò·R¥@¤H¡v©Î¡u¤W«ÒÃö¤ß¥@¤H¦p¦ó¤¬¬Û¹ï«Ý¡v¤§Ãþªº·Qªk¡A¦b°ò·þ±Ð©Ò³BªºÃ¹°¨²§±Ð¥@¬É¤¤¬O¬Û·í·s¿o¥BÃø¥H³Q»{¦Pªº¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A·í®Éù°¨¥@¬É©Ò·q©^ªº½Ñ¯«©ú¥»¨¦b¹D¼w¤W´N¬O¤£§¹¬üªº¡A¥L̳ßÅw¤¬¬Û¶Ë®`¡A¤]±`±`´ÛÄF¤HÃþ¡A³Ì«nªº¬O¥L̮ڥ»¤£¦b·N¡u¤UÀYªº¥@¬Éµo¥Í¤°»ò¨Æ¡v¡C[13] ¦]¦¹¡A¹³¡u¤W«Ò·R¨º¨Ç·R¥Lªº¤H¡v³o¼Ëªº·Qªk¦bù°¨ªÀ·|¤¤¬O¥þµM·s©_ªº¡Cªì¥N°ò·þ±Ð¾ÇªÌE. A. Judge´N«ü¥X¡A¦b¥j¨å§Æþ¡Bù°¨õ¾Ç®aªº²´¤¤¡A·O´d©M¼¦¼§³£¬O¡u¯fºAªº±¡ºü¡v¡A¬O¥ô¦ó¦³²z©Ê»P´¼¼zªº¤H©ÒÀ³¸ÓÁקKªº¡u©Ê®æ¤Wªº®zÂI¡v¡C¹ï®z¶ÕªÌªº·O´d¦æ°Ê©¹©¹¥u¯à´£¨Ñ¡u«D±M·~ªº±Ï§U¡v¡A¦]¦¹¬O¡uµLª¾¡B¤£²z©Êªº¡v¡A¤HÌÀ³¾Ç²ß¡u§J¨î½Ä°Ê¡A¤£ÀH«K°Ê±¡·P¡v¡C[14] ¥Ñ¦¹Æ[¤§¡A¦bù°¨¤Hªº¤ßÆF¸Ì¡u¤@Ó·O´dªº¤W«Òn¨D¨ä¤l¥Á¥H·O´d«Ý¤H¡vªº·Qªk¬OÃø¥H·Q¹³ªº¡C§óÃø¥H²z¸Ñ¥B²`¨ã²©R©Êªº¬O¡A°ò·þ±Ð³oºØ¡u·R¤H¦p¤v¡vªº«H©À©M»|©R³ºµM¥²¶·©µ¦ù¡B¶W¶V¨ì°ò·þ±Ð¹ÎÅé¥H¥~ªº¤H¸s·í¤¤¡C¦b·í®É¥Rº¡WÃø»P´d±¡ªºÃ¹°¨ªÀ·|¸Ì¡A°ò·þ©v±Ð¦¨¬°Åýù°¨¥@¬É±o¥H§ó·s¥BÀò±o¥Í¾÷ªº¤ßÆF°ò¦¡C[15]
¨ä¦¸¡A´Nªì¥N°ò·þ±ÐªºªÀ·|¹ê½î¨Ó¬Ý¡AC¾|¤j¾Ç±Ð±ÂWayne Meeks¦b¡m°ò·þ±ÐÛ²zªº®Ú·½¡n¤@®Ñ¤¤«ü¥X¡A·í§Ú̽ͨìÛ²z(morality)®É¡A§ÚÌ«üªº¬O¡u¥Í¬¡¤¤ªº¤HÌ¡v¡F¡u¤å¥»¡v(texts)¥»¨¤£¬OÛ²z¡A¥u¦³¨ãÅ鸨¹ê¦b¤H̥ͬ¡¤¤ªº¦æ°Ê¤~ºâ¼Æ¡C[16] ¥t¤@¦ìC¾|¤j¾Çªº±Ð±ÂAbraham J. Malherbe¤]¥D±i¡A¦b·í®É¬y°Ê©Ê¤j¡BµL®Úªº³Ò¤u¡B¹A¤H¡B²¾¥Á¬yÂ÷¥R¥¸ªºÃ¹°¨«°¥«¸Ì¡A¥H¡u®a®x¡v¬°°ò¥»¬¡°Ê³æ¦ìªº°ò·þ±Ð·|´£¨Ñ¤F¡uÂkÄÝ·P¡v¥H¤Î¡u¦n«È¡v(hospitality)ªº¤H»Úºôµ¸¡C[17] Rodney Stark¤]«ü¥X¡A¦b¦h¤¸¤å¤Æ¡BºØ±Ú¡B»y¨¥¡B©v±ÐªºÃ¹°¨ªÀ·|¸Ì¡A°ò·þ±Ð³Ì¤Þ¤H¤§³B¬O¦b©ó¦o´£¨Ñ¤F¤@Ó¡u¥þµLºØ±Ú¨î¡v(entirely stripped of ethnicity)ªº¥]®e©Ê¤å¤Æ¡G¥ý¬OµS¤Ó¤H¡B«á¬O°ü¤k¡B¦A¬O¥£Áõ¡C¦o´£Ò¤F¤@Ó¶W¶VºØ±Ú¡B©Ê§O¡B¶¥¯Åªº¸Ñ©ñ©ÊªÀ·|ºôµ¸¨Ó¹ï§Ü¡u´Ý»Å¡vªºÃ¹°¨¥@¬É¡C¦¹¥~¡A³\¦h±M¬ãªì¥N°ò·þ±Ðµo®iªºªÀ·|¾Ç®a¤w¸g«ü¥X¡A°ò·þ®{¦bºGµ´¤H¾Èªº¤j½E¬Ì³B¹Ò¤¤¹ï¯fªÌªº·Ó®Æ¡B¹ïù°¨²ß«U¤¤¡u±ó¤kÀ¦¡v°µªkªº©Ú¥¸¡B¹ïù°¨Äv§Þ³õ¤W«D¤H¹D¤§¡uÄvÁÉ¡v(games)ªº¹½´c¡A³£¥Nªí¤F¤@Ó·sªº¤ßÆF»PÛ²zªº§ï³y¹B°Ê¡C[18]
(¤T) ¬ù¿«¡D¥[º¸¤å¦b¤é¤º¥Ëªº§ï²¤è®×¡G
±q°ò·þ±Ð¾ú¥vªºµo®i¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤@¯ë°ò·þ®{¶}©l¦³·NÃѦa±q¡u©v±Ð¤ßÆF¡vªº¥ß³õ¿n·¥°Ñ»P¥@¬É¥Í¬¡ªºÃöÁ䥿¬O¤Q¤»¥@¬öªº©v±Ð§ï²¹B°Ê¡C¤§©Ò¥H·|²£¥Í³oºØ§ïÅÜ¡A¥Dnì¦]¬O©v±Ð§ï²®a̱N²±¦æ©ó¤¤¥@¬öªº¯«¸t¢A¥@«U¤G¤¸¥@¬ÉÆ[¥´¯}¤F¡C¹L¥h¡A±Ð·|¥Í¬¡©M¯«Â¾¤Hû³Qµø¬°¬O¯«¸tªº¡A¦ÓªÀ·|¥Í¬¡©M¤@¯ë«H®{«h¬O¥@«Uªº¡C©v±Ð§ï²¹B°Ê±N³oºØ¤G¤Àªº¬É¥´¯}¡A¨Ã¥D±i¦b¤W«Ò©Ò³Ð³yªº¥@¬É¤¤¡A¥ô¦ó«H®{©Ò±q¨Æªº¤@¤Á¡uºaÄ£¤W«Ò¡A¦³¯q¥@¤H¡vªº¤u§@³£¬O¯«¸tªº¡C³o¼Ëªº«H¥õ¥D±i¬°°ò·þ®{ªº±Ð·|©MªÀ·|¥Í¬¡¶}³Ð¤F¤@Ó¥þ·sªº°Ñ»P¼Ò¦¡¡C¦b©v±Ð§ï²®É´Áªº½Ñ¦h§ï²¤è®×¤¤¡A³Ì¬°¤H©Ò¬z¬z¼Ö¹Dªº¡A²ö¹L©ó¬ù¿«¡D¥[º¸¤å(John Calvin)¦b·ç¤h¤é¤º¥Ë¥«ªº§ï²¤u§@¤F¡CĬ®æÄõ§ï±Ð®a¬ù¿«¡D¿Õ§J´µ(John Knox)¬Æ¦ÜºÙ·í®Éªº¤é¤º¥Ë¬°¡u¤HÃþ¦³¥v¥H¨Ó³Ì°ª©|ªº«°¥«¡v¡C¥H¤U´N³q¹L¥[º¸¤åªº¤é¤º¥Ë§ï²¨Ó»¡©ú¦b©v±Ð§ï²¹B°Êªºµo®i¹Lµ{¤¤©v±Ð¤ßÆF»PªÀ·|¤å¤Æªº¤¬°ÊÃö«Y¡C
¥[º¸¤åÁöµM¬O²Ä¤G¥Nªº§ï±Ð®a¡A¦ý¬O¥Lªº¼vÅT¤O¤ñ°_©v±Ð§ï²¹B°Êªº³Ð©l¤H°¨¤B¸ô¼w(Martin Luther)«o²@¤£»¹¦â¡A¦Ü¤µ¤´²`²`¼vÅTµÛ¥þ¥@¬Éªø¦Ñ©v(Presbyterians)¡B§ï²©v(Reformed)¡B¤½²z©v(Congregationalists)¡B®û«H·|(Baptists)µ¥±Ð·|ªº«H¥õ»P¨î«×¡F¥Lªº§ï²²z©À¤]³z¹L¥L¦b¼Ú¬w¤j³°©M^¬ü°ê®aªº°lÀHªÌª½±µ©Î¶¡±µ¦a«P¦¨¤F¦´Áªº¸ê¥»¥D¸q¸gÀÙ¨î«×¡B¥HºÊ·þ»P¤ÀÅv¬°°ò¦ªº¥Á¥D¾Ë¬FÅé¨î¡A©M¥H«°¥«¬°¥Dn½dÃ¥ªºªÀ°ÏªA°ÈÅé¨t¦bªñ¥N¦è¤è¥@¬É¤¤ªºµo®i¡CÅý§Ú̧ó²`¤J¦a¤ÀªR¥[º¸¤åªº§ï²¤è®×¡C
·í¥N¾ú¥v¾ÇªÌWilliam Bouwsma¦b¥LÀò¼úªº¦WµÛ¡m¬ù¿«¥[º¸¤å¡G¤@Ó¤Q¤»¥@¬öªº¯À´y¡n¤@®Ñ¤¤«ü¥X¡A¥[º¸¤å¥»¨ªºµJ¼{¨ä¹ê¤Ï¬M¤F¥L©Ò³Bªº¤Q¤»¥@¬ö¡G¤@¤è±¦ü¥G¬Û·í¦³¦Û«H¡A¤@¤è±«o¤S¥Rº¡¤F¤£¦w¥þ·P¡C®Ú¾ÚBouwsmaªº¤ÀªR¡A¨ä¹ê¥[º¸¤å¦³¨âÓ±»ª¡A¤@Ó¬O¨ü¤¤¥@¬ö¸g°|õ¾Ç¼vÅTªº¥[º¸¤å¡A¤@Ó¬O¨üªñ¥N¤H¤å¥D¸q¼vÅTªº¥[º¸¤å¡A«á¥N¥[º¸¤å¬£ªºª[²§µo®i³£¥i¥H°l·¹¦Ü¥[º¸¤å¥»¨ªº³oӨⱩʡC¤@¤è±¡A¦]¬°¹ï¡u²V¶Ã¡vªº®£Äß¡A¥[º¸¤å§V¤O°l¨D¨t²Î©M¯´§Ç¡B¥i²z¸Ñ©Ê¡B¸`¨î¡B½T«H¡BÛ²z³W½d¡C¦b³o¤è±¥L«Ü¹³¤¤¥@¬öªº¸g°|¯«¾Ç®aªü«¶¨º(Thomas Aquinas)¡C¦ý¬O¥L¶V±j½Õ¦t©z¯´§Ç¡B¹D¼w¥D¸q¡B²z©Ê©v±Ð¡A¥L´N¶Vı²¿®§¨ü§x¡A¨Ã¼~¼{¬Éªº¼Ò½k¡B½dÃ¥ªº±Y¼ì¡A¦ü¥G¨³B¡u°g®c¡v(labyrinth)¤¤¡C©ó¬O¡A¦b¥t¤@¤è±¡A¥L¥Ñ¯´§ÇÂà¦V¦Û¥Ñ¡B¥Ñ¸g°|õ¾ÇÂà¦V¤H¤å¥D¸q¡B¥ÑÅÞ¿èÂà¦V×Ãã¡A¥L¥Ñ¡u°g®c¡v¨«¥X¡C¦b³o¤è±¥L«o¤S¹³¤¤¥@¬ö¥½´Áªº¡u·s¸ô¬£¡v(via moderna)¯«¾Ç®a«X§¢(William of Ockham)¡C¦ý¬O¥L¹ï¦Û¥Ñªº·¥¤O°l¨D«o¤S±N¥L±a¨ì¡u²`²W¡v(abyss)ªºÃä½t¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥L¤S§V¤Oºû«ù¬É¡B½dÃ¥¡B¯´§Ç¡C¥[º¸¤å¨ä¹ê¬JÄY¦u¬ö«ß¤S»Å·R¦Û¥Ñ¡A¬JÄÝ©ó¡u¤¤¥@¬ö¡v¤SÁͦV¡u²{¥N¡v¡C[19]
¥[º¸¤å©ó1536¦~©è¹F¤é¤º¥Ë¡A¨ä¤¤°£1538¦Ü1541¦~¶¡³Q¢Â÷¶}¥~¡A«e«á¦@25¦~³£¦b¦¹ì¥»¥u¦³12000¤H¤f¡]1560¦~¼W¦Ü21400¤H¡^ªº¤p«°¥«´ç¹L¡A¥L³QºÙ¬°¡u¤é¤º¥ËªºªÀ·|¨}¤ß¡v¡C[20] ¨ä¹ê¦¦b1387¦~¡A¤é¤º¥Ë¥«¤w¸g³q¹L¡u«°¥«¾Ë³¹¡v(Franchises)¥H«O»ÙÓ§O¦í¥ÁªºÅv¯q¡A¨Ã¨ó§U®z¶ÕªÌªº¥Í¬¡¡C¦p¦P¨ä¥¦³B¦b¯«¸tù°¨«Ò°êªv¤Uªº¡u«Ò°ê«°¥«¡v(imperial cities)¡A¤é¤º¥Ëªº¥«¥Á¶¥¼h(bourgeois)©ú½T¥D±i¡uªÀ·|ºÖ§Q¡v¬O¥þ¥«ªº¶°Åé©v±Ð³d¥ô¡A¦]¦¹¥«Ä³·|ªº¥Dn¥ô°È¤§¤@´N¬O½T«O¥þ«°¥«¥Áªº¡uÆF©Ê¤Îª«½è¥Í¬¡ªº°·¥þ¡v¡C[21] ¦b·í®ÉªºªÀ·|ºÖ§Q¨î«×¤U¡A³q¹L¡u·O´f°|¡v(Hopital-general)±q¨ÆÂåªvÀø¾i¡]·Ó®Æ·òºÆ¯f»P½E¬Ì±wªÌ¡^¡B±ÏÀÙ³h§x¡]´£¨Ñ¹ª«¡B¦çªA¡Bª÷¿ú¡B©~©Ò¡^¡B©v±Ð·Oµ½µ¥¤u§@¡Cȱoª`·Nªº¬O¡A쥻·O´f°|Âk¥«Ä³·|ºÞ²z¡A¦Ó«D±Ð·|¡C[22]
·í®É¤é¤º¥Ëªº¬Fªv§e²{¡u¤TÀY°¨¨®¡vªºª¬ºA¡A¥Ñ¤é¤º¥Ë¥D±Ð(Prince-Bishop)¡B¾FªñªºÂĺ֨¶¤½Àï(Duke of Savoy)¡A¥H¤Î¤é¤º¥Ë¥«¥Á¤j·|¦@¦P²Î²z¥«¬F¡Cµ²ªG¬O¡A¥H¤é¤º¥Ë¥D±Ð¬°ºªºÃ¹°¨¤j¤½±Ð·|³Qµø¬°¡u¬J¤£Ãö¤ß¥«¥ÁªºÆF©Ê¤]¤£°Ñ»PªÀ·|ªA°Èªº³d¥ô¡v¡A¦Ó¨ä¯«Â¾¤Hû«h³Qµø¬°¡uÃa¥«¥Á¡A¥u¨É¯SÅv¤£ºÉ¸q°È¡v¡A¥Á«è¤é¼W¡C«á¨Ó¡A¦]¬°Ã¹°¨¤j¤½±Ð·|ªº¶Õ¤O»PÂĺ֨¶¤½Àïµ²¦X¡A¥B¦@¦P¤Ï¹ï¤é¤º¥Ë¥«¥Á¤j·|¦b1533¦~¹ï¥«¬Fªº¦Û¥D©Êij¨M¡A©v±Ð§ï²¹B°Ê»P¤é¤º¥Ëªº¬Fªv¿W¥ß¹B°Ê¹E¦X¬y¡A¨Ã©ó1536¦~¦b¾F°p§B®¦(Berne)ªºx¨Æ¨ó§U¤U¡A±o¥H¦¨¬°¤@Ó¹ê½è¿W¥ßªº«°¥«¡A¨Ã¨Mij¥þÅ饫¥ÁÀ³¡u¨ÌºÖµªº«ßªk¥H¤Î¤W«Òªº¸Ü»y¨Ó¥Í¬¡¡v¡C[23] ´N¦b¦¹®É¡A¥[º¸¤å¦b¤£¸g·N·í¤¤¨Ó¨ì¤é¤º¥Ë¡A¥B¨üÁÜ°Ñ»P§ï²¤u§@¡C±¹ï³oÓ¦b¬Fªv¤W¨«¦V¿W¥ß¤§¸ô¥B¶}©l¨É¨ü¦Û¥Ñ¡A¦ý¬O¦b©v±Ð¤ßÆF©MÛ²z¤å¤Æ¥Í¬¡¤W«o¬O¡u¸¨«á¤§¦a¡v(backwater)ªº¤p«°¡A¥L¨ì©³¯à°÷°µ¤°»ò¡S
¥[º¸¤åªº°ò¥»¯«¾Ç²z©À©M¥@¬ÉÆ[¥i¥H¥Î¤@¥y¸Ü¨Óªí¹F¡G¡u¤@¤ÁºaÄ£Âk»P¤W«Ò¡T¡v(Soli Deo Gloria)¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¥L¥D±i¤W«Òªº¥DÅvÀ³¹M¤Î©ó¤H¥Í©M¥@¬Éªº¥þ³¡¨Æ¹ê¡C³o´N¬O¥[º¸¤åµÛ¦Wªº¡u¯«ªv¡v(theocratic)Æ[ÂI¡A§Y°l¨D¤W«Ò¦b¯«¸t»P¥@«U¨â»â°ì¤¤ªº¦Ü°ª¥DÅv¡C[24]¦]¦¹¡A¬°¤F¹ê²{¤W«Òªº¥DÅv¡A¤]¬°¤F¿n·¥¸Ñ¨M¥L¦Û¨¥H¤Î¥L©Ò³B®É¥Nªº¡uµJ¼{¡v(anxiety)¡A¥[º¸¤å´£¥X¤F²[¬AªÀ·|¡B¬Fªv¡B©v±Ðµ¥¤TÓ¼h±ªº¸Ñ¨M¤è®×¡G
º¥ý¡A¦b¡uªÀ·|¡v(society)¤è±¡A¥[º¸¤å¥D±i¥H¡u¦@¦P¥¿¸q¡v(common justice)ªºì«h¨Ó«Ø¥ß¤@Ó¡u¦b°ò·þ¸Ìªº¤HÃþªÀ¸s¡v¡A³o¥]¬A¥H¤½¥¹ï«Ý©Ò¦³ªº¤H¡A¨Ã¯S§OÃö·Ó§xW»P»Ýnªº¤H¡C[25] ¥L¥D±i¥«¬F©²»P±Ð·|À³¦@¦P¿Ñ¨D¡uªÀ°Ï¡v¦bÄÝÆF»Pª«½è¼h±ªº¡uºÖ§Q¡v¡C¹ï¥L¦Ó¨¥¡A§«ô»PªA°È(diakonia)¬Oµ´¹ï¬ÛÃöÁpªº¡C®Ú¾Ú·s¬ù¸t¸g¤¤ªº¨Ï®{¦æ¶Ç2.42-45¡A¥L´£¥X±Ð·|¥Í¬¡ªº¥|Ó¥²µMn¯À¡G¤W«Òªº¸Ü¡B¬èë¡BÀ¼»æ¡]¸tÀ\¡^¡A¥H¤ÎçêÀÙ(almsgiving)¡C¦]¦¹¡A§«ô©MÛ²z¥Í¬¡¬O¤@Å骺¡C¥[º¸¤åÅý±Ð·|ªº°õ¨Æ¾¥÷(deacon)¦¨¬°ªÀ·|ºÖ§Qªº¥D¾ÉªÌ¡A°õ¨Æ¤£¥u¬O±Ð·|ªºªÀ·|ºÖ§Q©xû(social welfare officer)¡A¤]¬O¹ê»Úªº°õ¦æªÌ(business manager)¡C1535¦Ü1565¦~¶¡¡A¤é¤º¥Ë´é¶i¤F7000¥ª¥kªº©v±ÐÃø¥Á ¡V ¥Hªk°ê¤H©~¦h¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥[º¸¤å¤]³]¥ß¤FÃø¥Á¦¬®e©Ò(Refuge)¡A¥t¥~§ó³]¥ßªk°ê°òª÷©MªA°È¤¤¤ß(Bourse francais)¨Ó±Ï§UÃø¥Á¡C[26] ¦¹¥~¡A¥[º¸¤å¤]·¥¬°Ãö¤ß¤é¤º¥ËªºÛ²z¥Í¬¡¡A¨Ã¥D±i±Ð·|À³¦¨¬°ªÀ·|ªº¹D¼wºÊ·þªÌ(moral check)¡A¥]¬A¸gÀÙ¥æ©ö¡B¥Í¬¡·©|¡B®ø¶O±¡§Îµ¥¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¥L«D±`Ãö¤ß¤é¤º¥Ëªº¸gÀÙ¬Fµ¦¡AÁ`¬OºÜ¤O¨¾¤î½a¤H³Qé«d¡CµM¦Ó¡A¥L¤]ÃÙ³\¦X²zªº¥æ©ö¨î«×¡C¦b¥Lªº¥D¾É¤U¡A¤é¤º¥Ëµo®i¥X¬Û·í¤½¥¿ªº¡uɶU¡v¨î«×¡A±N¡u¥u¬°§Q¼í¡v©Î¡u¶W¶V¦Xªk§Q²v¡vªºÉ¶U©w¸q¬°«Dªkªº¡u°ª§Q¶U¡v(usury)¡A¦ý«oã³\¥H§U¤H¬°¥XµoÂI¥B¦X²z¤½¥ªºÉ¶U¤è¦¡¡C¥L¤]¨ó§U¥«¬F©²±À°Ê¨Ã¨î©w¡u¸`¬ùªk¥O¡v(sumptuary laws)¡A¹ï´I¤H°ø¨×¯BµØªº·©|¥[¥H¨î¡A¸Tµ´½ä³Õ¡B¦â±¡µ¥®T¼Ö¦æ·~¡A´£Ò¸`¨î¦X²zªº¥Í¬¡®ø¶O¤è¦¡¡C[27]
¨ä¦¸¡A¦b¡u¬FªvÅé¨î¡v(polity)¤è±¡A¥[º¸¤å½á¤©¤F¬Fªv»â³S·¥°ªªº¦a¦ì»P´LÄY¡C¥L»{¬°¡A¦b¥@¬É¤¤ºû«ù¡u¯´§Ç¡v(la police)¥»¨´N¬O¡u¯«¸tªº¨Æ¡v¡C¥L©Ò¹½´cªº¡A¬O¦b¹L©¹¾ú¥v¤¤¦³³\¦h¬Fªv»â³S§Q¥Î©v±Ð¨Ó§@¬°ªÀ·|±±¨îªº¤u¨ã¡A¥L§ó¤Ï¹ï¹L¥h¤¤¥@¬ö®É¥D±Ð©M¯«Â¾¤Hû±q¬F©²©xû©ÒÅѦûªº¥@«UÅv¤O¡C¦]¦¹¥L°ò¥»¤W¿í´`¤F¡u¬F±Ð¤ÀÂ÷¡vªº¨âÓ¤ý°ê²z½×¡C¥[º¸¤å¬Û«H¡A¦b¤W«Ò©Ò³]¥ßªº¥@¬É¯´§Ç¤¤¡A¬Fªv©xû§êºt¤F¿n·¥¥B°ª©|ªº¨¤¦â¡C[28] ¥t¤@¤è±¡A¥[º¸¤å¤]¹ï¬F©²ªº¥\¯à»PÅv¤O°µ¤F¬Û·íµ{«×ªº¨î»P³W½d¡C¥L»{¬°¬F©²¬O¤W«Ò©Ò³]¥ßªº¡A¬°n½àµ½»@´c¡A¤]À³ºû«ù¥¿·íªºÂ§«ô¡C¤£¹L¡A±¹ï¤£¤½¸qªº²ÎªvªÌ®É¡A¥L»{¬°¡u¨p¥Á¡v(private person)ªº°ò¥»ºA«×À³¸Ón§Ô¨ü¨Ã¬è¨D¤W«Òªº¬@±Ï¡C¥L¬Û«H¤W«Ò·|¿³°_¤H ¡V ©Î³\¬O¥Lªº¹²¤H©Î³\¬O´c¤H ¡V ¨Ó°£·À¼É§g¡CµM¦Ó¡A¥L¤]±j¯P¥D±i¡A¦b¬FªvÅé¨î¤¤ªººÊ·þªÌ©Î¡u¦¸n©xû¡v(lesser magistrate)³£¦³©è§Ü¼É§gªº³d¥ô¡C³Ì«nªº¬O¡A·í²ÎªvªÌ¹H¤Ï¤W«Òªº¦®·N®É¡A¤H¥Á¤£À³¸ÓªA±q¤§¡C¦b¤Q¤»¥@¬öªº®É¥N³B¹Ò¤¤¡A¥[º¸¤å©Ò´£Òªº¬O¡uÅé¨î¤ºªº²©R¡v¥H¤Î¡u¤£ªA±qªº¤½¥Á©è§ÜÅv¡v¡C[29]
³Ì«á¡A¦b¡u±Ð·|¡v(church)¤è±¡A¥[º¸¤åµø¨ä¬°©v±Ð§ï²¹B°Êªº«a°Ã¡A¦]¬°¥u¦³±Ð·|¤~¯àÂǵۤW«Òªº®¦¨å¨Ó§ï²¤H¤ß¡B««Ø¤ßÆF¡C¦Ó¥¿¦]¬°¡u¤ßÆF««Ø¡v¬OªÀ·|»P¬Fªv§ï²ªº°ò¦¡A¦]¦¹±Ð·|ªº²·s¬O®Ú¥»¥Bºn¤§°È¡C[30] ¦b¥[º¸¤å©Ò³Ð¥ßªº§ï²©v±Ð·|¸Ì¡A¥þÅé«H®{¶}©l°Ñ»P¦b§«ô¤¤¡G°Û¸t¸Ö¡B¥H¦Û¤vªº¥À»yŪ¸t¸g¡BÅ¥¹D²z¡A¨Ã¦b¸tÀ\¤¤»âªM¡C¥Ñ·|²³¤¤¿ï¥Xªºªø¦Ñ(presbyters)¤]¶}©l°Ñ»P±Ð·|ªºªv²z¡BÆF©Êªº«ü¾É¡A¥H¤Î«H¥õ¥Í¬¡ªº¬ö«ßµ¥¨Æ¤u¡F©Ò¿ï¥Xªº°õ¨Æ«h¥H¨ä±M·~¤~¯à¹ê»Ú°Ñ»P¦b«°¥«ªºªÀ·|ªA°È©ÎªÀ°Ï¤u§@¤¤¡C§ó´¶¹Mªº¬O¡A¥þÅé«H®{¤]®Ú¾Ú¨ä¤H¥Íªº¡u¦ì¸m¡v©Î¡u¾¤À¡v¨Ó¹ê»Ú°Ñ»P¦b¤é±`ªºªÀ·|¥Í¬¡¤¤¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A´N¬O³q¹L¡u¨ü¥lªºÂ¾°È¡v(vocation)¨ÓªA¨Æ¤W«Ò¡C[31] 1541¦~¥[º¸¤å³q¹L¡u¤p·|¡v(consistory) ¡V ¥Ñªª®v¹Î¤Î12¦ìªø¦Ñ²Õ¦¨ ¡V ¨î©w¤F¡u¤é¤º¥Ë±Ð·|ªk³W¡v(Ecclesiastical Ordinances)¡A¥Î¥H³W½d¤é¤º¥Ëªº¹D¼w¥Í¬¡¡C¥L¥D±i±Ð·|´N¬O¥þÅé«H®{°ö¾iÄY®æÛ²z¥Í¬¡©M«Ø¥ß¦Û§Ú¬ö«ß(self-discipline)ªº³õ©Ò¡C¥[º¸¤åªº³Ì²×¥Øªº¬On«Ø¥ß¤@Ó¡u°ò·þ±ÐªÀ·|¡v¡C¤é¤º¥Ë¤H쥻²Ê«U¡Bź¶Æ¡B¯Ê¥F±Ð¾i¡BÃö¤ß¬Fªv«oµL¤å¤Æ¡A¥þµM¨S¦³¥[º¸¤å©Ò¨ü¾i¨|ªº¾Ç³N®ð®§©M§»ö¯À¾i¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥[º¸¤å°£¤F¼g¡u±Ð²z°Ýµª¡v(catechism, 1545)¥H±Ð¨|·|²³¥~¡A¦b1559¦~§ó³]¥ß¤F¡u¤é¤º¥Ë¾Ç³N°|¡v¡]Geneva Academy¡A¬O²{¤µ¤é¤º¥Ë¤j¾Çªº«e¨¡^¨Ó±q¨Æ²Ä¤@¬yªº±Ð¨|¤u§@¡C[32]
¤@Ó«H¥õ¹ÎÅ骺¥Í¬¡¤è¦¡©¹©¹¤Ï¬M¦o°ò¥»ªº¯«¾Ç¤ÎÛ²z«H©À¡C¥[º¸¤åªº¤é¤º¥Ë§ï²¹ï«á¥@ªº¥Dn¼vÅT©M°^Äm¡AÀ³¸Ó¬O¥Lªº«ä·Q©M¥L©Ò¯d¤U¨Óªº²Õ´»P¬ö«ßªººë¯«¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¦b°ò·þ±Ð¾ú¥v¤¤³Ì¯àÅé·|¤W«Ò¦b¤HÃþ¾ú¥v¤¤ªº§@¬°¥H¤Î¤HÃþ¨ü¤W«Ò©I¥l¨Ó°Ñ»P¥@¬É¤§¤u§@ªº¡AÀ³¸Ó´N¬O¥[º¸¤å¡C¤Ñ¥D±Ð¾ÇªÌ§J¨½´µ¦h¤Ò¡D³³»^»{¬°¥[º¸¤å©M¥[º¸¤å¥D¸qªººë¯«´N¬O¡uÛ²z¿E¶i¥D¸q¡v(moral activism)¡A¦Ó¦b¦è¤è¥Á¥D¬Fªv»P¤å©ú¶i®iªºI«á¥¿ÁôÂõۥ[º¸¤å¥D¸qªºÆF©Ê¥@¬É¡C[33]
(¥|) ¹ï¥xÆWªÀ·|ªº¤Ï¬Ù»P«Øij¡G
ªñ¥b¥@¬ö¥H¨Ó¡A¦b«Ê«Ø¡B±M¨î¡Bªx¬Fªv¤Æ¡B¯SÅv¾î¦æªº¡u¤¤°êÂæ¬û¤å¤Æ¡v¦Ã¬V¤U¡A¥xÆW¤H¦¨ªø©ó¶°Åé¤ßÆFªÅ¥Õ½§²L¡B»´½î¥Í©R»P¤H©Ê´LÄY¡B¹ï¤½¦@¨Æ°È§Nºzªº¡u¨p§Ú¤å¤Æ¡v¤¤¡A®Ú¥»µLªkÅé»{©Î´L«¦Û¤v©Î¥L¤H¡u¨¦Ó¬°¤H¡vªº°ò¥»´LÄY©MÅv§Q¡C¥Ñ¦¹©Òl¥Íªº¡A¬O¤@®M»´½â¥Í©R¡BµLªk±µ¯Ç¡u¥LªÌ¡v(the other)¡Bª[µø¡u«D§Ú±ÚÃþ¡vªº±Æ¥L©Ê¤å¤Æ¡C¦¹¥~¡A¦bµL®Ú¡Bµê¤Ûªº±Ð¨|Åé¨î©M¤j²³´CÅ骺´x±±¤U¡A¾Ô«á¦¨ªøªº¤@¥NµLªk¹ï¤Á¨ªº¤g¦a«Ø¥ß»{¦P¡B²£¥Í·P±¡¡C¸ÑÄY«áªº³o¤Q¦h¦~¨Ó¡A¥xÆWªºªÀ·|°ÝÃD¤´µM¼h¥X¤£½a¡A¤£¦ý¦b°ê®a©w¦ì»P»{¦P¡B¥Á¥D¬Fªv»P¤HÅv¡B¸gÀÙµ²ºc»P¸ê·½¤À°t¡BªÀ·|ªv¦w»P¶¥¯Å®t²§µ¥¤è±ªº°ÝÃD§ó§Î´c¤Æ¡A³s¦b§ó²`¨I¼h±ªºÛ²z¡B¤å¤Æ¡B¤ßÆF¡B©v±Ð¡B»ùÈÆ[¡B¥Í¬¡«~½èµ¥¤è±¤]³£§e²{¥X¥O¤H¼~¤ßªº²{¶H¡C¥t¥~¡A¤ñ¸ûÄݩ󤽦@¬Fµ¦¼h±ªº³Ò¤uºÖ§Q¡B¨â©Ê¥Åv¡B®z¶Õ¹ÎÅé¡BªÀ°Ïµo®i¡BÀô¹Ò¥ÍºA«OÅ@µ¥¤è±ªºÄ³ÃD¤]¦b¦³¤ß¤H¤hªº±À°Ê¤U¯B¤WÂi±¡C®É¦Ü¤µ¤é¡A¡u¥xÆWªºªÀ·|¯f¤F¡v¤w¤£¦A¬OÅå¤Hªº¥ýª¾¤§¨¥¡A¦Ó¬O²³¤H¬Òª¾¦ý«o¤S²`·PµL©`ªº¨Æ¹ê¡C
±¹ï¦¹¤@ÃøÃD¡A¥xÆWªº¦UÓ©v±Ð¹ÎÅé¹êÀ³§êºt§ï²¤H¤ß¡B««Ø¤ßÆFªº¨¤¦â¡CµM¦Ó¡A¥xÆW¤H쥻´N¬O¯Ê¥F²`¨è©v±Ð·NÃѪº¥Á±Ú¡AÁöµM©v±Ð±¡·PÂ×´I¡A¹ï¦UºØ©v±Ð¬¡°Ê¤]¿n·¥§ë¤J¡AµM¦Ó¥Ñ©ó²{¹ê¤ßºA²`«¡A©v±Ð¯À½è©M«H¥õ¼h¦¸¤Q¤À§C¸¨¡C§õ³ì¥ý¥Í´N´¿ÄYµü§å§P¥xÆW¤H¤í¯Ê©v±Ð±¡¾Þ¡A³ßÅwµ²¦X©v±Ð»P½ä³Õ¡A¯«¤H¤§¶¡©¹©¹¥u¦³¶R½æÃö«Y¡A©Ò«H©^ªº¤j¦h¬O¡u¸ì¸ï¤@³e±Ð¡v¡C[34] ¤@Ó¥@¬ö¤§«e¨Ó¨ì¥xÆW¤¤³¡±q¨Æ¶Ç±Ð¤u§@ªº^°ê«Å±Ð®v±öºÊÃúªª®v(Rev. Campbell Naismith Moody)¤@¥Í±M¬ã¥xÆWº~¤Hªº©v±Ð¤ß²z¡A¯S§O±´°Q¥L̹ï°ò·þ±Ð«H¥õªº±µ¯Ç±¡§Î¤Î²z¸Ñµ{«×¡C³q¹L¥xÆWº~¤H¹ï°ò·þ±Ð«H¥õ¶Ç²Î±µ¨ü©Î©Úµ´¡B²z¸Ñ©Î»~¸Ñªº¹Lµ{¡A¥L¤ÀªR¨Ã³¯z¨ä¤¤©Ò¤Ï¬M¥X¨Óªº¶Ç²Î©v±Ð©M¤å¤Æªº·N²[¡C¥L«ü¥X¡A¥xÆWº~¤H¹ï¦³¥Îªº¨Æª«(what is useful)¯S§O³ß·R¡A¹ï¦Û¤vªºµhW«D±`·|§Ô¨ü¡A¦ý¬O¹ï¥L¤HªºWÃøºz¤£Ãö¤ß ¡V ³oºØµL±¡(heartlessness)²M·¡ªí²{¦b¹ï·Ä¤ôªÌªºµøYµL¸@¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥xÆWº~¤HY¤£¬O´Ý»Åªº¡A¦Ü¤Ö¬O¦Û¨p©Î¬OµL±¡ªº¡C[35] ±öªª®vµo²{¥xÆWº~¤H´¶¹M¹ï°ò·þ±ÐªººÖµ¯Ê¥F¿³½ì¡A¦]¬°«Ü¤Ö¤H»{¬°¦Û¤v¬O¡u¥Ç¤j¸oªº¤H¡v¡A©Ò¥H¦b¥xÆW¡uºÖµ¨S¦³¥«³õ¡A¤H̨ä£Ä±±o¦³¦¹»Ý¨D¡v¡C©M¦è¤è¤H¤ñ¸û°_¨Ó¡A¥xÆWº~¤H´¶¹M¯Ê¥F¡u«Õîî·NÃÑ¡v¡A¹ï¡u¸o¡vªº¥»½èµ·²@¤£±Ó·P¡A¦b©v±Ð¤W¬O±j¯Pªº¡u²{¥@¥D¸qªÌ¡v¡C±öªª®v¦]¦¹Âkµ²¹D¡G¥xÆWº~¤H¬O«DÛ²z¡B«D©v±Ðªº¥Á±Ú¡C[36]
±q³oÂI¨Ó¬Ý¡A¥xÆWªÀ·|º¥ý»Ýn°ö¾i¯u¹êªº©v±Ð±¡¾Þ¡C¦¹¥~¡A§ÚÌ©Ò»Ýn®æ¥~§V¤Oªº¡A¬O°ö¾i¤U¤@¥N¡u´L«¥Í©R¡A¼ö·R¶m¤g¡vªº¥»¤g±¡Ãh¡A¨ÃP¤O©ó«Øºc¤@Ó¯à½á¤©¨C¤@Ó¤H¥Í©R´LÄYªºÛ²z»ùÈÆ[¡C¤[¤w¡uµL§Ç¡v¡B¡u¥¢§Ç¡vªº¥xÆWªÀ·|Yn¹F¨ì³oÓ²z·Q¡A°ß¦³±q¡uÅv§Q¡vªººûÅ@µÛ¤â¡C·í¥N©v±Ð¯«¾Ç®a¤Õº~«ä(Hans Kung)´¿¸g«ü¥X¡A¤@Ó¯u¹êªº©v±Ðº¥ýÀ³¸Ón²Å¦X¡u¤H©Ê¡vªº´¶¹M©ÊÛ²zì«h¡C¥H¥Lªº¸Ü¨Ó»¡¡G¡u¥ô¦ó¤@Ó©v±Ð¯à¨Ï¤H·NÃѨì©Î¦^´_¨ì¤H©Êªº´LÄY¥ú½÷¤W¡A¤Hªº¦Û§Ú»{¦P¤W¡A¤Hªº»ùȦA³QªÖ©w¤W¡A¥BÀ°§U¤H§óÁÚ¦V¤HÃþ¹ê¦sªº²{ªp¤W¡A¨Ï¤H§ó¨ã¦³·N¸q®É¡A«h¦¹©v±Ð«K¬O¯u¹ê¥B¦nªº©v±Ð¡C¡v¨ä¦¸¡A¦]¬°¨C¤@Ó©v±Ðªº¥¿¨å(canon)©M«H¥õ°_·½(origin)³£¬O¦Û§Ú§ï²©M½ÄÀ»ªº¨å½d¡A¨C¤@Ó¯u¹êªº©v±Ð³£À³¸Ó¥H½T¹êªº¸g¨å±Ð¾É¬°µû§P©M¿Å¶qªºì«h¡C[37] ¨ä¹ê¡A¦³ÃѤ§¤h¦¤w«ü¥X¡A¤µ¤Ñ¥xÆWªÀ·|¤§©Ò¥H·|ºtÅܨì¦p¦¹ªº´ºªp¡Aª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤lªº¼Z¸¨¡B¡u¶Â¡B¥Õ¡v¨â¹Dªº²VÂø¡B¤H¤ß¬O«D¤£©úµ¥³£¬Oì¦]¡AµM¦Ó¥xÆWªÀ·|³Ì¤£³ô±ÏÃĪº¥D¦]«o¬O¡u©v±Ð¬Éªº¼Z¸¨¡v¡A¦]¬°¥xÆWªº©v±Ð¤Hª«°g«H¦¨¥\¡B»P¬°¬FªÌ¥æ¬Û¤Äµ²¡B¤£°Ý¤H¶¡¯eW¡B©¿µø¸g¨å¬ã¨s¡B¤ßÆF§C¦H»G¤Æ¡T
¥H°ò·þ±Ð«H¥õ¬°¨Ò¡A¥¦ªº°ò¥»«H¥õ²z©À±j½Õ¤H¬O¨Ì·Ó¡u¤W«Òªº§Î¹³¡v©Ò³Ð³y¡A³oӧι³½á¤©¤H°ò¥»ªº´LÄY¡BÅv§Q¡B¦Û¥Ñ¡A©M³d¥ô¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¤@Ó¤H¤£ºÞ©Ê§O¡BºØ±Ú¡B¥X¨¡BªÀ·|¦a¦ì¡A©Î¨ä¥L¦UºØ®t²§¡A¥L¢A¦o¦b¤W«Ò±«e³£¬O¦Û¥Ñ¥B¥µ¥ªº¡C³o¬O¤W«Ò³Ð³y³oÓ¥@¬É¡B¤HÃþªº¥»·N¡C¦P¼Ëªº¡AC¿qªº¦b¥@¨Ï©R¤]¬°¤HÃþªÀ·|±a¨Ó¤F¤@ºØ¡u²©R©Êªº¤j°fÂà¡v(revolutionary reversal)¡A¹ý©³¥´¯}¤F¤HÃþªºª[µø©M°¾¨£¡C¥L©ÒÃö¤ßªº¡A´N¬O°ü¤k¡B¸o¤H¡Bµ|¦O¡A¥H¤Î¦bªÀ·|¤W³Q¬Ý»´ªº¤H¡A³s«Äµ£¤]¬O¥L³Ì¿Ëªñªº¹ï¶H¡CC¿qªº¨¥¦æ¥i¥H»¡©M¡u¨üÀ£¢ªÌªº¤HÅv¡v¦³±K¤ÁªºÃö«Y¡C¦]¦¹¡A³B¦b¡u¥Í¬°¥xÆW¤Hªº´d«s¡vªº¥xÆWªÀ·|¸Ì¡A°ò·þ®{¤£À³¸Ó¦¨¬°¼Z¸¨¡B»G¤Æªº©v±Ð¤Hª«¡A¦Ó¬O¯u¹ê«H¥õ»ùȪººûÅ@ªÌ©M°ò¥»¤HÅv±Ð¨|ªº±À°ÊªÌ¡C¦b±Æ¥¸»P¾Ö©êªº¨âºØªÀ·|¤å¤Æ¤§¶¡¡A°ò·þ®{À³¤@¤è±½T»{¡BªÖ©w¦Û¤vªº¨¤À»{¦P¡A¥t¤@¤è±¤]¥²¶·±¹ï¥L¤Hªº¤£¦P¡A°l¨D©M¦n¡C[38]
¤£©¯ªº¬O¡A¥xÆW³oºØ»ùÈÄAË¡B¬O«D¤£©ú¡B¿n¬O¦¨«Dªº¬Fªv¤å¤Æ¤£¦ý¦bªÀ·|¤j¦æ¨ä¹D¡A©¹©¹¤]·|«I¤J±Ð·|ªº¦æ¬FÅé¨î©M«H¥õ¥Í¬¡¤¤¡Cªø´Á¥H¨Ó¡A¥xÆW±Ð·|¦]¬°¨ü¨ì´c½è¬Fªv¤å¤Æªº¼vÅT¡A¤]¬O²ßºD©ó¥H¡u¨p§Ú¡v¡B¡u¤H±¡¡v³B¨Æ¡AµLµø©ó¡uµ²ºc©Ê¡vªº°ÝÃD¡Aµ²ªG©¹©¹¬OºzµøªÀ·|¥¿¸q¡A¤Ï¬M±Ú¸s°¾¨£¡A¥HP¬O«D¤£©ú¡B¨î«×·´·l¡C¬ü°êªÀ·|ºÖµ¹B°Êªº¥Dnµo¨¥¤HÄÇ¥Ó¥¬¤h(Walter Rauschenbusch)¦b¨ä¦WµÛ¡mªÀ·|ºÖµªº¯«¾Ç¡n¤¤©Ò±j½Õªº¡uµ²ºc©Êªº´c¡v¡A¥¿¬O¥xÆW±Ð·|»Ýn¯S§O¥[¥H«µøªº¡C[39] ´«¨¥¤§¡A·í±Ð·|¦b±¹ï¥@¬Éªº²³¦h°ÝÃD®É¡A¤£À³¶È¶È¥H¸Ñ¨MÓ¤H¦b«H¥õ¥Í¬¡©Î¹D¼w¨}¤ß¤Wªº°ÝÃD¬°µÛ²´ÂI¡A©Î¶È¶È¥H¹ê½î¡u²M±Ð®{¦¡ªºÓ¤H¨p¼w¡v¬°º¡¨¬¡A¦ÓÀ³®É®É¦Ò¼{¨ì¡uµ²ºc¡v(structure)ªº¦]¯À¡A¥BP¤O©ó°l¨D¡u¤½¦@§Q¯q¡v(common good)©Î¡u¤½¸q¡v(justice)ªº¹ê²{¡A¥ç§Y°ò·þ«H¥õªºì«h¦b¡u¤½¦@»â°ì¡v¤¤ªºÀ³¥Î»P¹ê½î¡C·í¥N¬ü°ê¯«¾Ç®a¥§¥¬º¸(Reinhold Niebuhr)´N¦b¨ä¸g¨å¦WµÛ¡m¹D¼wªº¤H»P¤£¹D¼wªºªÀ·|¡n£¸®Ñ¤¤±j½Õ¡A°ò·þ®{À³¸Ó¦P®ÉÃöª`¨âºØ¹D¼w¡JÓ¤H¢A©v±Ðªº¹D¼w¥H¤ÎªÀ·|¢A¬Fªvªº¹D¼w¡C«eªÌ¬O¥HÓ¤Hªº«H¥õ¥Í¬¡¬°¥Dn¦Ò¶qÂI¡A¨ä³Ì°ª²z·Q¬O¡u·R¢A¤£¦Û¨p¡v(love)¡F«áªÌ«h¬O¥H¤½²³ªºªÀ·|¢A¬Fªv¥Í¬¡¬°¥DnÃö¤ß¡A°l¨Dªº³Ì°ª²z·Q¬O¡u¤½¸q¡v(justice)ªº¹ê²{¡C[40] ¤]¦]¦¹¡A°l¨D¡u¤W«Ò°ê¡v¹ê²{ªº¯«¾Ç¤]¦¨¤F·í¥N«H¥õ»PÛ²z¹ê½îªº°ò¥»°Ñ¦Ò¬[ºc©M¥XµoÂI¡C¥H¼w°ê¯«¾Ç®a²ö¯S°Ò(Jurgen Moltmann)ªº¸Ü¨Ó»¡¡A¤W«Ò°ê´N¬O«ü¡u¤W«Ò¥DÅvªº¹ê²{¡v¡A¬O«Ø°ò©ó¹ï¡u´_¬¡°ò·þ¤§¥DÅv¡vªº«H¥õ¡C¦]¦¹¡u°ò·þ±Ð¤D¬O¦s¦b©ó¥@¬Éªº¥Í¬¡¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¯S§O¥]¬A¸gÀÙ¡B¬Fªv¡B¤å¤Æªº¹Lµ{¡C¡v[41] §Ú·Q¡A³o¤]¬O¥xÆWªº©v±Ð¹ÎÅé©ÒÀ³¸Ó¦@¦P§V¤Oªº¥Ø¼Ð¡T
[1] John Ayto, Dictionary of Word Origins, New York: Arcade Publishing, 1990, p.438.
[2] ¦³Ãö³o¨Ç½×z¡A¥i°Ñ¦ÒMircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion, trans. by Rosemary Sheed, Sheed & Ward, Inc., 1958; The History of Religions: Essays in Method, edited by Mircea Eliade and Joseph M. Kitagawa, University of Chicage Press, 1959.
[3] Joseph M. Kitagawa¡AªF¤è½Ñ©v±Ð¡Aªô©ú©¾¡BÅǮѴËĶ¡A¥x«n¡GªF«n¨È¯«¾Ç°|¨ó·|¥xÆW¤À·|¡A¤@¤E¤C¤G¦~¤T¤ë×qª©¡A5¶¡C
[4] Paul Tillich, Dynamics of Faith, N. Y.: Harper & Brothers, 1957, pp. 1-4.
[5] Ayto, Dictionary of Word Origins, p. 494.
[6] ¦³Ãö¦¹®É´Áªº©v±Ð«ä¼é¡A¥i°Ñ¦ÒE. R. Doddsªº¸g¨å¦WµÛPagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety: Some Aspects of Religious Experience From Marcus Aurelius to Constantine, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965.
[7] Christopher Dawson, Religion and Culture, Gifford Lectures, 1947, chaps. 1-3, ¤Þ¦Û¹ù¶W¤Z¡A°ò·þ±Ð»P¨ä¥L©v±Ð¡A»´ä¡G¹DÁn¡A¤@¤E¤»¤C¦~¤Q¤@¤ëªìª©¡A302¶¡C
[8] ¦P¤Wµù¡A217-218¶¡C
[9] ¡§The question of the sociological influence of Christianity is directly tied to the question of the influence of the social context upon Christianity. When Christian thought has had measurable influence and effect upon the life around it, both within and without the confines of the community of belief, it has in turn manifested at the most profound levels of its reflection insights traceable to the experience of such involvement.¡¨ °Ñ¨£Ernst Troeltsch, The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches, Vol. 2 (University of Chicago Press, 1931), pp. 999-1000.
[10] ¤Õº~´µ¡A°ò·þ±Ð©¹¦ó³B¥h¡X°ò·þ±Ð¤Î¨ä¯«¾Çªº·s¼Ò¦¡¡A¤@¤E¤K¤C¦~ºtÁ¿½Z¡A94-103¶¡C
[11] Rodney Stark, The Rise of Christianity: How the Obscure, marginal Jesus Movement Became the Dominant Religious Force in the Western World in a Few Centuries, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996, pp. 209-211.
[12] Howard Clark Kee, et. al., Christianity: A Social and Cultural History, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991, pp. 1-5.
[13] Ibid., p. 211.
[14] E. A. Judge, ¡§The Quest for Mercy in Late Antiquity.¡¨ in God Who Is Rich in Mercy: Essays Presented to D. B. Knox, edited by P. T. O¡¦Brien and D. G. Peterson, Sydney: Macquarie University Press, 1986, p. 107.
[15] Stark, The Rise of Christianity, p. 212.
[16] Wayne Meeks, The Origins of Christian Morality, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1993, p. 4.
[17] Abraham J. Malherbe, Social Aspects of Early Christianity, Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983, pp. 92-112. ¥ç°ÑDodds, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety, pp. 136-138.
[18] Stark, The Rise of Christianity, pp. 213-215.
[19] William J. Bouwsma, John Calvin: A Sixteenth Century Portrait, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
[20] Alister E. McGrath, A Life of John Calvin: A Study in the Shaping of Western Culture, Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1990.
[21] William C. Innes, Social Concern in Calvin¡¦s Geneva, Pickwick Publications, 1983, pp. 13-25.
[22] Ibid., pp. 27-35.
[23] Ibid., pp. 63-90.
[24] W. Fred Graham, The Constructive Revolutionary: John Calvin & His Socio-Economic Impact, Michigan State University Press, 1987, pp. 157-173.
[25] Bouwsma, John Calvin, pp. 202-203.
[26] Innes, Social Concern in Calvin¡¦s Geneva, pp. 205-220.
[27] Ibid., pp. 261-284.
[28] Bouwsma, John Calvin, pp. 204-213.
[29] John Calvin, On God and Political Duty, Edited by John T. McNeill, N. Y.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1956; Harro Hoepfl, The Christian Polity of John Calvin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
[30] Bouwsma, John Calvin, p. 214.
[31] Francois Wendel, Calvin: Origins and Development of His Religious Thought, trans. by Philip Mairet, Durham, The Labyrinth Press, pp. 69-107.
[32] Bouwsma, John Calvin, pp. 214-229; ¥ç°ÑJohn Calvin & the Church: A Prism of Reform, edited by Timothy George, Louisville: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1990.
[33] Christopher Dawson, The Judgment of the Nations, N. Y.: Sheed & Ward, 1942, pp. 44-46; cited in John Leith, Introduction to the Reformed Tradition: A Way of Being the Christian Community, Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1981, p. 75.
[34] §õ³ì¡A¥xÆW¤HªºÁà®±¡A¥x¥_¡G«e½Ã¡A1989¡A47-58¶¡C
[35] Campbell Naismith Moody, The Heathen Heart, Edinburgh and London: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, 1907, pp. 56-64.
[36] Ibid., pp. 84-91.
[37] ¤Õº~«ä¡A¡u¦ó¿×¯u¹êªº©v±Ð¡G¤@ÓÁÚ¦V´¶¹M©Êªºµû§P·Ç«h¡v¡A¥x¥_¡G©v±Ð¬ã¨sÄw³Æ©eû·|¡A1987¡A11¶¡F¤Þ¦Û¾G¥õ®¦¡A¾ú¥v»P«H¥õ¡G±q°ò·þ±ÐÆ[ÂI¬Ý¥xÆW©M¥@¬É¡A¥x«n¡G¤H¥ú¡A1999¡A17¶¡C
[38] Miroslav Volf, Exclusion & Embrace: A Theological Exploration of Identity, Otherness, and Reconciliation, Nashville: Abingdon Press.
[39] Walter Rauschenbusch, A Theology for the Social Gospel, Nashville: The Abingdon Press, 1978, pp. 31-94.
[40] Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics, N. Y.: Charles Scribner¡¦s Sons, 1960, pp. 1-22, 257-277.
[41] Jurgen Moltmann, The Church in the Power of the Spirit, trans. by Margaret Kohl, Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993, pp. 163-165.